龙首与迷雾：重新认识维京时代

龙首与迷雾：重新认识维京时代

一、793 年 6 月 8 日：改写欧洲海岸线的一场风暴

公元 793 年 6 月 8 日（或前后数日——编年史的记载并不一致），英格兰东北部诺森伯兰海岸的潮汐岛林迪斯法恩（Lindisfarne）遭到一群来自"北方"的武装人员袭击。修士们被屠杀或掳走，圣库中的金银器皿、教堂中的圣骨匣与福音书被洗劫一空，主教堂遭纵火焚毁。更让同时代人震动的，是袭击者所乘坐的船只——一种被拉丁编年史家称作 *naves cum serpentibus*（"带蛇的船"）的细长舰艇，其艏柱上雕刻着蜿蜒交缠的龙首与蛇尾。这是大陆文献中关于维京船型（*langskip* / *drekar*）的最早明确描述之一。

事件发生后的几个月内，震惊的余波从北海沿岸一直扩散到亚琛（Aachen）宫廷。约克郡出身的修辞学家、当时正在查理曼宫廷任顾问的阿尔昆（Alcuin of York, c. 735–804）在写给林迪斯法恩院长希特里德（Highthelred）的信中写下了一段广为引用的句子：*"Lo, it is nearly 350 years since we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely island, and never before has such a terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race... such a thing was never heard of before."*（"看哪，我们和先祖居住在这座最可爱的岛上将近三百五十年，从未有过如今这般降临在不列颠的恐怖……这种灾难前所未闻。"）

阿尔昆书信的情绪反应，为后世所有关于"维京冲击"的论述奠定了一种基本调式：震惊、神意解释、对异教徒的道德指控，以及一种近乎末世论的世界观。然而令人警惕的，是阿尔昆写下这段文字时，他对北欧地理几乎一无所知。在他的修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修辞修