边陲的起点：1979年前的深圳影像
> 1978年冬的咸腥海风，裹着珠江口的潮气，刮过南头半岛的渔村时，总带着一股晒干的鱼腥和木薯的苦味。 > The briny sea breeze of the winter of 1978, carrying the tidal air of the Pearl River Estuary, swept over the fishing village on the Nantou Peninsula, always bringing a mix of dried fishy smell and the bitter taste of cassava.
75岁的老渔民黄水生蹲在自家舢板的船头上，指尖的茧子厚得像老树皮，是常年拉网、补网磨出来的。他指尖摩挲着补渔网的尼龙绳，抬头就能看见对岸香港元朗的灯火——那是他每天出海时都要看上好几眼的光，亮得晃眼，像撒在黑绸上的碎金子。 75-year-old veteran fisherman Huang Shuisheng crouched on the bow of his own sampan, his calloused fingertips as thick as old bark, worn down by years of pulling and mending fishing nets. He rubbed the nylon rope used to mend fishing nets, and could see the lights of Yuen Long, Hong Kong across the river – that was the light he would gaze at several times every time he went out to sea, dazzlingly bright, like scattered gold thrown onto black silk.
他的贴身布袋里揣着刚换来的37块港币，是昨天半夜划舢板到深圳河口，卖给香港鱼贩子的石斑钱。按当时的官价汇率，这37块港币能换回120多块人民币，够他一家五口吃上一个月的地瓜和咸鱼。要是被边防战士查到，这钱就要被没收，人还得被送去劳教。他把布袋往腰里又塞了塞，破棉袄的缝隙里漏出点北风，吹得他打了个寒颤，但他还是舍不得把眼光从对岸的灯火上移开——那地方，他弟弟黄海生就在那，去年逃过去的，上个月刚寄回来200块港币，够给他小儿子交学费，还能买半头猪过年。 In the cloth bag close to his body, he carried 37 Hong Kong dollars he had just exchanged – the money for the groupers he had sold to Hong Kong fish dealers the night before, when he had rowed his sampan to the Shenzhen River estuary in the middle of the night. At the official exchange rate at the time, these 37 Hong Kong dollars could be exchanged for more than 120 RMB, enough to feed his family of five for a month with sweet potatoes and salted fish. If the border guards found out, the money would be confiscated, and he would be sent to labor education. He tucked the bag further into his waist, and a gust of north wind leaked out of the cracks in his worn cotton coat, making him shiver, but he still could not bear to take his eyes off the lights across the river – that was where his younger brother Huang Haisheng was, who had escaped there the year before, and had just sent back 200 Hong Kong dollars the month before, enough to pay for his youngest son’s tuition and buy half a pig for the New Year.
一、贫瘠的土地：边陲县份的生存底色
I. Barren Land: The Survival Background of a Border County
1980年版《宝安县志》在“概述”开篇写道：“宝安古称新安，地濒珠江口，与香港新界接壤，素称‘岭南门户’。然及至新中国成立三十周年之际，全县仍以农渔为本，工业凋敝，民生艰难，是广东省内较为落后的边陲县份。”<sup>[1]</sup> The 1980 edition of the *Bao'an County Gazetteer* wrote in the opening of its "Overview": "Bao'an, anciently known as Xin'an, lies on the Pearl River Estuary, bordering Hong Kong's New Territories, and has long been known as the 'Gateway to Lingnan'. However, by the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the entire county still relied on agriculture and fishing as its mainstay, with backward industry and difficult people's livelihood, making it a relatively backward border county in Guangdong Province."<sup>[1]</sup>
1978年，宝安全县国内生产总值仅为1.96亿元人民币，总人口31.2万，人均GDP只有170元人民币。按当时1美元兑换1.49元人民币的官方汇率计算，人均GDP仅为114美元<sup>[2]</sup>，而同期香港的人均GDP已经达到5800美元<sup>[3]</sup>，两者名义差距超过50倍。若算上走私形成的灰色收入、香港的公共福利水平，两地居民的实际生活水平差距更是达到上百倍。 In 1978, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bao'an County was only 196 million RMB, with a total population of 312,000, and a per capita GDP of only 170 RMB. Calculated at the official exchange rate of 1.49 RMB per US dollar at the time, the per capita GDP was only US$114<sup>[2]</sup>, while Hong Kong's per capita GDP had already reached US$5,800<sup>[3]</sup>, with a nominal gap of more than 50 times between the two. If we take into account the gray income from smuggling and Hong Kong's public welfare level, the actual living standard gap between residents of the two places is even more than 100 times.
这种差距直接体现在普通人的生计里。宝安县耕地总面积只有9.3万亩，人均耕地不足0.3亩，不到全国平均水平1.5亩的五分之一。粮食年均亩产仅为210公斤，很多农户一年劳作下来，收获的粮食只够吃半年，剩下的半年要靠红薯、木薯度日。黄水生一家五口，分到3亩薄田，种的是早稻和番薯，一年收的粮食够吃8个月，剩下的4个月全靠他出海打渔补贴。他一年出海200多天，风里来雨里去，赚的钱不到200块，还不够弟弟黄海生在香港半个月的工资。 This gap is directly reflected in the livelihoods of ordinary people. The total arable land area of Bao'an County is only 93,000 mu, with per capita arable land of less than 0.3 mu, less than one-fifth of the national average of 1.5 mu. The average annual grain yield per mu is only 210 kg, and many farmers work hard for a year, and the grain they harvest is only enough to eat for half a year, and the remaining half a year has to rely on sweet potatoes and cassava to
> 1978年冬的咸腥海风，裹着珠江口的潮气，刮过南头半岛的渔村时，总带着一股晒干的鱼腥和木薯的苦味。 > The briny sea breeze of the winter of 1978, carrying the tidal air of the Pearl River Estuary, swept over the fishing village on the Nantou Peninsula, always bringing a mix of dried fishy smell and the bitter taste of cassava.
75岁的老渔民黄水生蹲在自家舢板的船头上，指尖的茧子厚得像老树皮，是常年拉网、补网磨出来的。他指尖摩挲着补渔网的尼龙绳，抬头就能看见对岸香港元朗的灯火——那是他每天出海时都要看上好几眼的光，亮得晃眼，像撒在黑绸上的碎金子。 75-year-old veteran fisherman Huang Shuisheng crouched on the bow of his own sampan, his calloused fingertips as thick as old bark, worn down by years of pulling and mending fishing nets. He rubbed the nylon rope used to mend fishing nets, and could see the lights of Yuen Long, Hong Kong across the river – that was the light he would gaze at several times every time he went out to sea, dazzlingly bright, like scattered gold thrown onto black silk.
他的贴身布袋里揣着刚换来的37块港币，是昨天半夜划舢板到深圳河口，卖给香港鱼贩子的石斑钱。按当时的官价汇率，这37块港币能换回120多块人民币，够他一家五口吃上一个月的地瓜和咸鱼。要是被边防战士查到，这钱就要被没收，人还得被送去劳教。他把布袋往腰里又塞了塞，破棉袄的缝隙里漏出点北风，吹得他打了个寒颤，但他还是舍不得把眼光从对岸的灯火上移开——那地方，他弟弟黄海生就在那，去年逃过去的，上个月刚寄回来200块港币，够给他小儿子交学费，还能买半头猪过年。 In the cloth bag close to his body, he carried 37 Hong Kong dollars he had just exchanged – the money for the groupers he had sold to Hong Kong fish dealers the night before, when he had rowed his sampan to the Shenzhen River estuary in the middle of the night. At the official exchange rate at the time, these 37 Hong Kong dollars could be exchanged for more than 120 RMB, enough to feed his family of five for a month with sweet potatoes and salted fish. If the border guards found out, the money would be confiscated, and he would be sent to labor education. He tucked the bag further into his waist, and a gust of north wind leaked out of the cracks in his worn cotton coat, making him shiver, but he still could not bear to take his eyes off the lights across the river – that was where his younger brother Huang Haisheng was, who had escaped there the year before, and had just sent back 200 Hong Kong dollars the month before, enough to pay for his youngest son’s tuition and buy half a pig for the New Year.
一、贫瘠的土地：边陲县份的生存底色
I. Barren Land: The Survival Background of a Border County
1980年版《宝安县志》在“概述”开篇写道：“宝安古称新安，地濒珠江口，与香港新界接壤，素称‘岭南门户’。然及至新中国成立三十周年之际，全县仍以农渔为本，工业凋敝，民生艰难，是广东省内较为落后的边陲县份。”<sup>[1]</sup> The 1980 edition of the *Bao'an County Gazetteer* wrote in the opening of its "Overview": "Bao'an, anciently known as Xin'an, lies on the Pearl River Estuary, bordering Hong Kong's New Territories, and has long been known as the 'Gateway to Lingnan'. However, by the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the entire county still relied on agriculture and fishing as its mainstay, with backward industry and difficult people's livelihood, making it a relatively backward border county in Guangdong Province."<sup>[1]</sup>
1978年，宝安全县国内生产总值仅为1.96亿元人民币，总人口31.2万，人均GDP只有170元人民币。按当时1美元兑换1.49元人民币的官方汇率计算，人均GDP仅为114美元<sup>[2]</sup>，而同期香港的人均GDP已经达到5800美元<sup>[3]</sup>，两者名义差距超过50倍。若算上走私形成的灰色收入、香港的公共福利水平，两地居民的实际生活水平差距更是达到上百倍。 In 1978, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bao'an County was only 196 million RMB, with a total population of 312,000, and a per capita GDP of only 170 RMB. Calculated at the official exchange rate of 1.49 RMB per US dollar at the time, the per capita GDP was only US$114<sup>[2]</sup>, while Hong Kong's per capita GDP had already reached US$5,800<sup>[3]</sup>, with a nominal gap of more than 50 times between the two. If we take into account the gray income from smuggling and Hong Kong's public welfare level, the actual living standard gap between residents of the two places is even more than 100 times.