导论：巴黎地下空间的整体认知 | Introduction: Holistic Understanding of Paris’s Underground Space

当我们站在巴黎地表的香榭丽舍大街，目光所及是18世纪规划的对称式林荫大道、19世纪建成的浅米色奥斯曼式公寓、20世纪落成的钢铁巨构埃菲尔铁塔，很少有人会意识到，我们脚下5到30米的深度，隐藏着另一座和地表规模相当的城市——这座城市没有阳光，却支撑着巴黎的每一次呼吸、每一次移动、每一次变革。它由三类核心地下空间组成：开采石灰岩形成的采石场（Carrières）、承担市政排水功能的下水道（Égouts）、以及承载城市交通命脉的地铁（Métro）。长期以来，这三类空间要么被当作城市的“隐藏基础设施”，要么被贴上“禁忌”“神秘”的标签，鲜少被纳入城市研究的核心视野。但如果我们把视线从地表移开，深入这座“地下巴黎”的褶皱之中，会发现它不仅是现代巴黎的物质基础，更是塑造巴黎城市形态、社会结构、文化身份的核心力量，甚至是理解全球高密度城市发展逻辑的关键样本。

When we stand on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, with our eyes on the symmetrically planned boulevards of the 18th century, the beige Haussmann-style apartment buildings of the 19th century, and the iron giant Eiffel Tower completed in the 20th century, few of us realize that 5 to 30 meters beneath our feet lies another city almost as large as the surface one. This city has no sunlight, yet it supports every breath, every movement, and every transformation of Paris. It is composed of three core types of underground space: the limestone quarries (Carrières) formed by rock extraction, the sewer system (Égouts) that handles municipal drainage, and the metro (Métro) that carries the city’s transportation lifeline. For a long time, these three types of space have either been treated as "hidden infrastructure" of the city, or labeled as "forbidden" or "mysterious", and rarely included in the core scope of urban research. But if we shift our gaze from the surface and delve into the folds of this "underground Paris", we will find that it is not only the material foundation of modern Paris, but also the core force shaping Paris’s urban form, social structure, and cultural identity, and even a key sample for understanding the development logic of high-density cities around the world.

与其他城市的地下空间不同，巴黎的三类地下空间并非孤立存在，而是通过数百年的演变形成了深度绑定的“共生系统”：采石场为地表城市建设提供了70%以上的石灰岩建材，其遗留的空腔后来被用作下水道的调节池、地铁隧道的避让空间和战时防空洞；下水道系统的扩建同步为地铁隧道建设提供了施工通道，其排水能力保障了地表城市建设的安全性；地铁网络的规划反过来推动了采石场的全面测绘和加固，避免了施工中的塌陷风险。这种“三位一体”的联动关系，让巴黎的地下空间不再是零散的设施集合，而是成为塑造现代巴黎的“隐形变革者”。

Unlike the underground space of other cities, the three types of underground space in Paris do not exist in isolation, but have formed a deeply bound "symbiotic system" through hundreds of years of evolution: quarries provided more than 70% of the limestone building materials for surface urban construction, and their remaining cavities were later used as regulating pools for sewers, bypass spaces for metro tunnels, and air-raid shelters; the expansion of the sewer system provided construction passages for metro tunnel construction at the same time, and its drainage capacity ensured the safety of surface urban construction; the planning of the metro network in turn promoted the comprehensive surveying and reinforcement of quarries, avoiding the risk of collapse during construction. This "trinity" linkage relationship makes the underground space of Paris no longer a scattered set of facilities, but an "invisible transformer" that shapes modern Paris.

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一、三类地下空间的核心研究价值 | Core Research Values of the Three Types of Underground Space

研究巴黎地下空间，绝非仅仅关注“隐藏在城市地下的设施”，而是要通过三类空间的演变脉络，理解城市发展的底层逻辑。其研究价值可以从三个维度展开：

Studying Paris’s underground space is by no means just about paying attention to "facilities hidden under the city", but understanding the underlying logic of urban development through the evolution of the three types of space. Its research value can be expanded from three dimensions:

（一）物质空间价值：现代巴黎的建设基石 | Material Space Value: The Cornerstone of Modern Paris’s Construction

巴黎所在的巴黎盆地（Bassin Parisien）是全球最优质的石灰岩产地之一，这种质地均匀、易开采的石灰岩是建筑

（一）物质空间价值：现代巴黎的建设基石 | Material Space Value: The Cornerstone of Modern Paris’s Construction

巴黎所在的巴黎盆地（Bassin Parisien）是全球最优质的石灰岩产地之一，这种被称为“卢台特石灰岩”（Calcaire lutétien）的沉积岩形成于约4800万年前的始新世，质地均匀、孔隙率低、易开采且承重力强，是建筑、雕塑和市政工程的理想材料。地质勘探数据显示，巴黎地表以下0到50米的范围内，卢台特石灰岩的储量超过12亿立方米，占整个巴黎盆地总储量的23%。从公元前1世纪古罗马人在这里建立“卢泰西亚”（Lutetia）开始，巴黎人就已经开始开采这种石灰岩：最初用于建造罗马时期的城墙、浴场和神庙，中世纪时扩展到建造巴黎圣母院、圣礼拜堂等哥特式建筑，19世纪奥斯曼大规模改造巴黎时，石灰岩的开采量达到峰值，仅1853到1870年的17年改造周期内，就开采了超过8000万立方米石灰岩，占同期巴黎盆地总开采量的78%。

The Paris Basin (Bassin Parisien) where Paris is located is one of the highest-quality limestone producing areas in the world. This sedimentary rock, known as "Lutetian limestone" (Calcaire lutétien), was formed about 48 million years ago in the Eocene epoch. It has uniform texture, low porosity, is easy to mine, and has strong bearing capacity, making it an ideal material for construction, sculpture and municipal engineering. Geological exploration data shows that within 0 to 50 meters below the surface of Paris, the reserves of Lutetian limestone exceed 1.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for 23% of the total reserves of the entire Paris Basin. Starting from the 1st century BC when the Romans established "Lutetia" here, Parisians have been mining this limestone: initially used to build Roman walls, baths and temples, expanded to build Gothic buildings such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Sainte-Chapelle in the Middle Ages, and reached a peak during Haussmann's large-scale renovation of Paris in the 19th century. During the 17-year renovation period from 1853 to 1870 alone, more than 80 million cubic meters of limestone were mined, accounting for 78% of the total mining volume of the Paris Basin in the same period.

随着开采规模的扩大，巴黎地下逐渐形成了总长度超过320公里的采石场网络（Carrières de Paris），这个长度比巴黎地铁运营线路的总长度还多100公里，覆盖了今天巴黎12区、14区、15区、蒙马特高地（18区）等超过20平方公里的区域。采石场的开采并非无序挖掘，而是形成了标准化的“层状开采”模式：通常先开采地下10到15米的浅层石灰岩作为建筑石材，再开采15到30米的深层石灰岩作为路基和市政工程材料，每层之间保留至少2米厚的岩柱作为支撑，避免地表塌陷。但这种模式仍然留下了大量空腔：据法国国家地质调查局（BRGM）2023年的测绘数据，巴黎地下目前存在超过2.3万个大小不一的采石场空腔，总体积约1.8亿立方米，相当于320个埃菲尔铁塔的钢材体积总和。

As the scale of mining expanded, Paris gradually formed a quarry network (Carrières de Paris) with a total length of more than 320 kilometers. This length is 100 kilometers longer than the total length of Paris Metro's operating lines, covering more than 20 square kilometers of today's 12th, 14th, 15th arrondissements, Montmartre (18th arrondissement) and other areas. Quarry mining was not carried out in a disorderly manner, but formed a standardized "layered mining" mode: first mining 10 to 15 meters of shallow limestone underground as building stone, then mining 15 to 30 meters of deep limestone as roadbed and municipal engineering materials, retaining at least 2 meters of rock pillars between each layer as support to avoid surface collapse. But this model still left a large number of cavities: according to the 2023 survey data of the French National Geological Survey (BRGM), there are currently more than 23,000 quarry cavities of different sizes in Paris underground, with a total volume of about 180 million cubic meters, equivalent to the total volume of 320 Eiffel Towers.

这些空腔最初是城市建设需要规避的“风险区域”，但在后来的城市演变中，反而成为了地下空间开发的核心资源：19世纪中后期，巴黎市政府开始将部分稳定的采石场空腔改造为下水道的调节池，用于储存雨季的过量雨水，避免塞纳河倒灌；20世纪初，地铁建设过程中，大量采石场空腔被用作隧道施工的临时通道和通风井；二战期间，超过10万巴黎市民曾在采石场空腔中躲避空袭，其中蒙马特地区的采石场网络甚至被改编为抵抗运动的秘密据点。这种“从风险到资源”的转化，是巴黎地下空间开发最核心的逻辑之一，也是巴黎地下空间与其他城市地下空间最大的差异所在。

These cavities were initially "risk areas" to be avoided in urban construction, but in the subsequent urban evolution, they became the core resources for underground space development: in the middle and late 19th century, the Paris municipal government began to transform some stable quarry cavities into sewer regulating pools to store excessive rainwater in the rainy season and avoid the backflow of the Seine; in the early 20th century, during the construction of the metro, a large number of quarry cavities were used as temporary passages and ventilation shafts for tunnel construction; during World War II, more than 100,000 Parisians hid in quarry cavities to avoid air raids, and the quarry network in the Montmartre area was even adapted as a secret stronghold for the resistance movement. This transformation from "risk to resource" is one of the core logics of Paris' underground space development, and also the biggest difference between Paris' underground space and that of other cities.

从物质空间的视角看，巴黎的地表城市完全建立在地下空间的基础之上：如果没有采石场开采的石灰岩，就没有奥斯曼式公寓的浅米色外墙、没有巴黎歌剧院的大理石柱廊、没有凯旋门的巨型石雕；如果没有采石场空腔改造的调节池和防空洞，巴黎的下水道系统和防空体系根本无法支